These Are the Most Toxic Minerals Known to Scientists

By: Ben Campbell | Last updated: Apr 15, 2024

There are around 5,500 minerals on the earth. Many, like gold, silver, and quartz, are used to make jewelry and decorative pieces. Others are highly toxic and should be avoided at all costs.

Here are 10 of the most fascinating yet highly toxic minerals that can be found around the world. 

Asbestos

In the modern era, almost everyone has heard of the dangers associated with asbestos, a silicate compound made up of six separate minerals. It was once used to fireproof and strengthen industrial and commercial building materials. 

Advertisement
An up-close image of a piece of asbestos

Source: Minerals Education Coalition

That was until scientists discovered that it was prone to breaking off into small dust particles that could be inhaled into the lungs, causing a plethora of health problems, including lung cancer.

Stibnite

Stibnite is a highly toxic mineral that’s been used in the production of cosmetic products for many millennia.

Advertisement
A vein of stibnite found in Romania

Source: Wikimedia

The toxic compound within stibnite is antimony, and if ingested, it can bring forth symptoms similar to arsenic poisoning. 

Chalcanthite

Chalcanthite is a beautiful blue mineral that has been used to ore copper over the past few centuries. However, as the mineral is highly water soluble, if the environment in which it’s used isn’t kept dry, it can dissolve.

Advertisement
An up-close image of a large piece of Chalcanthite

Source: Wikimedia

The copper contained within chalcanthite is toxic to both plant life and humans, and if ingested in high quantities, it can cause severe health problems. 

Galena

Galena is an abundant mineral that forms exquisite silver cubes. It is commonly used in the production of lead.

Advertisement
An image of a large piece of Galena

Source: Wikimedia

The dangers associated with galena come when it is ingested or inhaled. Further risks come from its use in making lead, as the final product is extremely toxic, and the body cannot expel it. Eventually, if enough lead builds up in the system, it will lead to various forms of cancer.

Cinnabar

Cinnabar is another widely used mineral, providing the world with the majority of its elemental mercury.

Advertisement
A large piece of cinnabar is pictured on display

Source: Wikimedi

However, dangers arise when cinnabar oxidizes, as it creates dimethyl mercury and methyl mercury, both of which are extremely detrimental to the nervous system.

Advertisement

Torbernite

Torbernite is a mineral made from a combination of uranyl, phosphate, and hydrated green copper. It is typically found in granites alongside uranium, which makes it radioactive and extremely dangerous. 

Advertisement
A piece of torbernite is pictured, showing off its green color

Source: Wikimedia

Radon is naturally released by tobernite. If humans are exposed to it over an extended period, it can result in lung cancer.

Advertisement

Orpiment

Orpiment is a stunning yellow-orange arsenic sulfide mineral generally found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents. 

Advertisement
An image of a large piece of orpiment

Source: Wikimedia

The mineral was once used in Chinese medicine. However, it can be toxic should it be allowed to oxidize, and may lead to arsenic poisoning. 

Advertisement

Hutchinsonite

Hutchinsonite is another mineral typically found in hydrothermal vents. It’s comprised of arsenic sulfide and thallium. 

Advertisement
An up-close image of a large piece of Hutchinsonite

Source: Wikimedia

Thallium is commonly used in insecticides and rat poisons and is highly toxic if ingested. Exposure to hutchinsonite can lead to death in severe circumstances. 

Advertisement

Arsenopyrite

Arsenopyrite is a mineral that has a fascinating metallic color and is comprised of iron arsenic sulfide.

Advertisement
A large piece of Arsenopyrite is pictured on display

Source: Wikimedia

The high level of arsenic contained within this mineral has potential toxic effects. If it is allowed to oxidize, it may become water-soluble arsenic, producing several horrible side effects for humans and the environment. 

Advertisement

Riebeckite

Riebeckite is a mineral known for its unique fibrous texture. It is generally found in altered metamorphic rocks. In many instances, it is similar to asbestos and was used as a thermal insulator to make ceiling tiles and flooring.

Advertisement
An image that shows off the fibrous nature of Riebeckite

Source: Wikimedia

However, the mineral is also relatively toxic. The fibers, if inhaled, may lead to serious health problems, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. 

Advertisement

Fluorite

Fluorite is an abundant mineral that comes in many different colors. It has a unique feature in that it glows under ultraviolet light, a process known as fluorescence. 

Advertisement
An image of a large green fluorite crystal

Fluorite

While it’s mostly safe to handle, you should be aware that dust from this mineral is highly toxic. 

Advertisement

Malachite

Malachite is a mineral with a deep green color that’s earned it a relatively high level of popularity amongst crystal collectors. 

Advertisement
An image of a polished piece of malachite

Source: Wikimedia

The crystals are safe to touch without the use of gloves. However, it does contain copper, which can become toxic in a high enough dose.

Advertisement

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli is a beautiful blue rock composed of various minerals, including lazurite. It has been used to make jewelry in places like Egypt since ancient times. 

Advertisement

Lapis Lazuli Stone

While safe to handle, it can become toxic if you breathe in particles of the rock. So take precautions when cutting the Lapis Lazuli.

Advertisement

Actinolite

Actinolite, which is grey or green in color, has been used in various fire-resistant materials, like other members of the asbestos family. 

Advertisement
A large piece of uncut Actinolite is pictured on a small desk

Wikimedia

So, like asbestos, it’s important to avoid breathing in dust from the mineral, as it can lead to severe lung problems.

Advertisement

Coloradoite

Coloradoite is a brittle mineral with a sparkling gold color. However, it does pose a risk to those who wish to keep it in their homes.

Advertisement
An image of a large piece of Coloradoite

Source: Wikimedia

The mineral contains  tellurium and mercury, both of which are highly toxic in high enough amounts. Be sure to take caution when working with this mineral as inhaling the dust will expose you to mercury and tellurium particles. 

Advertisement

Quartz

Quartz is one of the most popular minerals in the world, and chances are you know someone who has a large crystal as a decoration piece in their home. 

Advertisement
An image of a large piece of quartz

Source: Wikimedia

While it’s completely safe to touch and handle, dangers arise for those who work with the mineral. Breathing in the dust or particles from this gemstone can result in serious lung problems.

Advertisement

Chrysotile

Chrysotile is often referred to as white asbestos, and like others in the family it has been used as a heat resistance building material.

Advertisement
An image of the fibrous mineral Chrysotile

Source: Wikimedia

If you come into contact with this mineral its best to ensure you wear a mask as tiny fibers can break off into the air. Overexposure to the fibres can lead to serious lung problems.

Advertisement

Cobaltocalcite

Cobaltocalcite is a visually appeasing mineral known for its vivid pink color. Sometimes the mineral glows under ultraviolet light.

Advertisement

Bou Azer East deposit, Bou Azer, Bou Azer District (Bou Azzer District), Tazenakht, Ouarzazate Province, Souss-Massa-Draâ Region, Morocco

The mineral is generally safe to touch without the use of gloves. However, the cobalt, which gives Cobaltocalcite it’s pink color, is toxic when inhaled.

Advertisement

Erionite

Erionite is a mineral less heard off. It is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that’s found in the hollows of rock formations.

Advertisement
An image of Erionite

Source: Wikimedia

While distinctive in its own right, various aspects of the mineral are similar to asbestos. The fibers of this mineral are extremely toxic if inhaled.

Advertisement

Crocidolite

Often referred to as blue asbestos, crocidolite is a fascinating mineral with a distinctive look, but it does pose several health risks.

Advertisement
An image of Crocidolite in Bolivia

Source: Wikimedia

While it’s safe to handle, it’s crucial that you avoid breathing in any of the fibers of the mineral when working with it, as they can lead to several lung problems, including cancer.

Advertisement

How to Stay Safe Around Toxic Minerals

While many of the minerals mentioned on this list can lead to severe illness and possibly even death.

Advertisement
A man is pictured in full protective clothing, wearing gloves and a facemask

Source: Freepik

The most obvious option is to avoid touching the minerals. However, if you decide to handle them, there are several steps you can follow to keep yourself safe. 

Advertisement

Use Protective Gear

Danger associate with minerals typically arise when handling them in an unsafe manner. 

Advertisement
Several scientists are pictured working on a theory in her laboratory

Source: Freepik

So, when handling the minerals wear protective gear. Purchase radio-active gloves and wear a mask when working with the minerals. 

Advertisement

Toxic Minerals Can Be a Delight

Working with toxic minerals and gemstones can be a dangerous task. However, it doesn’t need to be.

Advertisement
A collection of different gemstones and minerals.

Edz Norton/Unsplash

By following simple protocols, you can work with various kinds of minerals without putting your health at risk. Each mineral has a different level of toxicity; so doing your own research before handling them will decrease your chance of risk. 

Advertisement